Environmental Science Notes Essay

1. Green revolution intro of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain that give the sack greatly increase crop yields. 2. Things that create seasons on earth earth tilted on axis, sun dispersal 3. Large scale hydroelectric projects around the institution 3 gorges dam, dams qualifying on in india 4. Age distribution diagrams ZPG=looks like a construct that doesnt flip-flop, bottom same as top. S impoverished growth= ascendent a bit thirster than top but not preferably a pyramid. Rapid growth=WIDE base, narrow top, like a pyramid 5. Waste pee treatment process shrink pissing, spill out sludge, have sludge bea, weewee goes through and through and through process to come in more(prenominal) sludge out, weewee gets ae countd, pissing gets filtered with Cl to occupy bacteria. 6. kind-hearted pop on earth 6.8 billion. US pop 300 million. to the highest degree populated countries china, india, US 7. Soil horizons O,A,B,C. O is organic material and switch litt er and such. A is top soil and humus. B is pargonnt material. C is bed cargonen, solid rock8. Rule of 70 70/percent= cartridge holder it will take to double population 9. Replacement level fertility rate reproducing enough babies to replace yourself(in developed countries, its 2.1, but in developing, its 2.5 beca theatrical role of infant mortality) 10. Waste created by thermonuclear advocator plants radioactive take in in solid liquid or gas state 11. Biggest threats to biodiversity HIPPO, home ground damage, invasive species, population growth, contamination, and overexploitation 12. Integrated pest management spate come in and solve your pest problem without using pestiferous chemicals or pesticides.Situations are situation specific and take a longer time to solve. 13. Aquaculture trapping fish in a coast, or webby fenced area of water to practice for produce and food or commercial substance abuse 14. Demographic transition model preindustrial, transitional, industria l, postindustrial. Pre- high parturition and goal rates. Trans- high birth rates and low death rates. Ind- lower birth rates, and same death rates. Post- birth and death rates equal 15. Photosynthesis coulombic acid gas+H2OO2+C6H12O6. Needs solar get-up-and-go 16. Half life radioactive collapse of how long it takes for half of material to decay 17. Tragedy of the commons when a renewable available to everyone resource is depleted 18. appearulation growth rate equation (births-deaths)/1019. Genetic engineering getting genes from one beingness and putting them in other organisms to get desired trait 20. beginning(a) and 2nd law of thermodynamics 1st states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. 2nd states that as energy is changed and moves up trophic levels, it decreases 21. Where is blacken located around world US in mountainous areas, Russia, china, and Australia 22. Denitrification ammonium to N gas. Assimilation when plants and animals enactment nitrates into ami no acids and proteins. Ammonification nitrates to ammonium. Nitrification N gas to nitrates and nitrites. Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen to due north gas that is ready to go to nitrites23. Montreal protocol when they not icing the puckd that ozone was disappearing, they banned chlorofluorocarbons in industries and anything else in 1987 24. Antarctic treaty of 1961 countries could only use Antarctica for peaceful matters 25. Pop growth curves irruptive- overshootdieback. Cyclic predator and preys pop patterns change together. Logistic exponential to carrying efficiency then moves around the carrying patterns a little. 26. Carrying capacity biotic potential + milieual resistance, what population the environment ass defendWhat I kind of know1. Cons of excavation removes 90% of nonfuel mineral and rock recourses, 60% of combust used in US destroys forests, contaminates streams and groundwater, leaves highly erodible hills of rubble, hypersensitized to chemical weathering, slow veget ation regrowth, damages and buries streams below, toxic pay finishwater, produces air pollution 2. Ways to wither soil erosion terracing (growing food on slopes), no till furthestming, windbreaks of trees, strip cropping, contour farming 3. Cause of fluctuation of carbon dioxide levels during a year amount of trees, photosynthetic activity, burning fossil fuels, chalk, business leader generation and transport 4. Surface mining to remove mineral deposits gear up fairly close to the earths surface, removing soil, subsoil and other strata. 5. Types of irrigation drip-delivers small-scale amts of water onto crop roots (best). Flood-delivers more water than needed for a crop to grow. Centro pivotal- spray attachments water crops6. Consequences of global temperature increase melting ice and snow, less sunlight reflected back into space, rising sea levels, changing sea currents, more acidic seas, change in precipitation and weather extremes, and disrupting ecosystems, more radiati on 7. Pros and cons of dams pros-cheap electricity, inhibits downstream flooding, house year round water for irrigation. Cons send word people, disrupt aquatic systems, and prevent fish to swim upstream and get caught in it and die 8. Ozone floor function filter out or so of suns harmful ultraviolet radiation 9. Cause of stratospheric ozone loss chlorofluorocarbons use, ODCs, halons, hydrobromofluorocarbons, methyl bromide, HCl, carbochluorides, methyl chloroform, n-propyl bromide, hexachlorobutadicine.10. Ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 bear fossil fuel use, shift from coal to pictorial gas, improve energy efficiency, shift to renewable energy resources, transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing contries, reduce deforestation, use sustainable agriculture and forestry, reduce poverty, slow population growth 11. Season when ozone hole is most discernible October, Antarctic spring (winter) 12. DDT, mercury pesticides that are toxic to benevolen ts and are very persistent and a lot of the time they go to the price species and they disrupt the ecosystem. They are broad spectrum pesticides.13. P cycle P circulates through water, earths crust, and liveness things, it is the most limiting because it does not pop off gaseous. C cycle C circulated through earths air, water, soil, and lifetime things and it depends on photosynthesis and respiration. N cycle bacteria helps reprocess N through the earths air, water, soil and living organisms (N fixationnitrificationassimilationammonificationdenitrificationN fixation). Water cycle evaporation, condensation, precipitation, percolation 14. Importance of genetic diversity resistance to tummy extinctions, monocultures, and inbreeding 15. Biomes, locations, reasons for why they are located in certain areas1. Gasification agricultural wastes, including wood wastes any of variant processes by which coal is turned into low, medium or high BTU gases 2. Cogeneration fruit of 2 useful forms of energy, such as high temp warmth or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source 3. Cultural eutrophication human activities that greatly accelerate the input of plant nutrients to a lake (mostly NO3 and phosphate). 4. Sand low porosity and high permeability. Clay low permeability and high porosity. porosity is the volume of pore space. Silt has low to norm porosity and average permeability. Permeability is the ability of water to flow through the soil5. Incinerating trash burning trash, boiling water to make steam for heating water of space for producing electricity. Cons expensive to build, costs more than short distance hale to landfills, difficult to site because of citizen opposition, or so air pollution, older poorly managed facilities can release large amts of air pollution, output approach that encourages waste production, competes with recycle for burnable materials like newspaper. Pros reduces trash volumes, less need for landfills, low water pollution, co ncentrates unwarranted substances into ash for burial or use as landfill cover, sales agreement of energy reduces cost, modern controls reduce air pollution, some facilities recover and handle metals.6. Sun angle, fewer daylight hours, tropospheric length has not enough solar radiation to reach the surface, high Albeao and less water vapor causes diametral areas to get really cold. 7. Integrated waste management variety of strategies for waste reduction and management to deal with our produced solid wasted reduce, reuse and recycle 8. Layers of atmosphere troposphere is closest to earths surface and contains 90% of mass of entire atmosphere. Stratosphere has the ozone layer that absorbs UV rays from sun and protects life on earth. Mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. The mesopause is the boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere. Thermosphere is the last layer of atmosphere and it is warmer than mesosphere and has a little O2 and has a layer of ionized gases9. W aste created by coal power plants heat to troposphere, CO2 and air pollution 10. Pros and cons of coal power pros- ample supply, high net energy, low cost, well developed mining and combustion technology, air pollution can be reduced with improve technologies. Cons ascetical land disturbance, air pollution, water pollution, high land use, severe threats to human health, high CO2 emissions, radioactive particles and toxi mercury into air 11. Pros and cons of nuclear power pros- large fuel supply, low envir. Impact, distributes 1/6 as much CO2 as coal, moderate land use and suspension and water pollution, and Low risk of accidents. Cons- expensive, low net energy yield, harmful accidents, no solution for radioactive waste storage, terrorist attacks, weapons 12. Source of radon some soil and rock13. Tropospheric ozone air pollutant, bad ozone because it can damage living tissue and break down certain materials 14. Acid rain caused by coal burning power plants, ore smelters and ind ustrial plants that use tall smokestacks to emit SO2 and NO2 into troposphere. Consequences 2-14 day persistence, ruins sensitive soil, worsens respiratory disease, attacks metallic and stone, decreases atmospheric visibility, kills fish, depletes soil of zippy plant nutrients and harms crops and plants. Solutions improving energy efficiency, reduce coal use, increase natural gas use and renewable energy resourcs, burn low randomness coal, remove SO2 and NO2 from smokestack gases, remove NO2 from motor vehicular exhaust, tax emissions of SO2, make sense lime to neutralize acidified lakes and add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes. pH of rain 5.6 or less. Problem in eastern US.15. Greenhouse gases and their sources water vapor, CO2, CH4, NO2, O3. Sources are burning fossil fuels, electricity production, transportation, industry, commercial and residential, agriculture, land use and forestry. 16. LD-50 median lethal treat of a toxin, radiation or pathogen is dose r equired to kill the members of a tested pop after undertake test duration 17. Radon Rn-222 is a natural occurring gas that is pallid and odorless and radioactive found in some soil and rock, seeps into homes and buildings and can cause lung cancer. Lichen can indicate it 18. Clean water act render to control efforts of pollution of countrys surface waters. Standards for allowed levels of key water pollutants and requires polluters to get permits limiting how much of various pollutants can discharge into aquatic systems 19. Clean air act causes lakes to be acidic. Made to prevent smogginess and prevent more air pollution disasters, air pollutant regulations for key pollutants20. How carbon is removed from the atmosphere remove from smokestack and vehicle emissions, store by planting trees, draw deep underground, sequester in soil by using no till conservation and taking cropland out of production, sequester CO2 deep in ocean, repair leaky gas pipelines and facilities, use animal feeds that reduce methane emissions by belching cows. 21. UN conference of the human environment expanding understanding of envir. Issues, gathering and evaluation envir. Data, develop and monitor international envir. Treaties, provide grants and loans for sustainable econ. Devel. And reducing poverty, help more than 1nations develop envir. Laws and institutions 22. reclamation of disturbed lands process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake. Stabilized against the hazards of water and wind erosion 23. RCRA resource conservation and recovery act regulates barbaric waste produced in the US passed in 1976 amended in 1984. stopping point to prevent unsafe and illegal disposal of unassured wastes on the land.24. Uranium-235 isotope of uracil making up about .72% of the natural uranium sustains fission stove reaction 25. Biomagnifications increase in concentration of DDT, PCBs, and other slowly degradable far soluble chemicals in organisms at successively higher troph ic levels of a food chain or web. 26. Efficiency of an incandescent lightbulb (5%), photosynthesis (1%), coal power (33%) 27. Fecal coliform bacteria various strains of E. Coli to detect the presence of infectious agents in water 28. Consequences of SO2, lead, O3 in troposphere, and particulates SO2- ventilating system problems, visibility reduction and discomfort of asthma, damages crops, trees, soils, and lake aquatic life, corrodes metals and damages paint, paper, and leather and stone on buildings.O3- coughing, breathing problems, reduces resistance to colds and pneumonia, irritates eyes, nose, and throat, aggravates asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and heart disease and damages plants, rubber in tires, fabrics and paints. Particulates- irritate the nose and throat, damage lungs, aggravate asthma and bronchitis, shortens life. Lead- mutations, reproductive problems, cancer, noisome system damage, mental retardation and digestive and other health problems, reduce visibility and corrode metals and discolor clothes and paints. 29. CERCLA requires parties responsible for creating a hazardous waste site to be responsible for its cleanup30. NAFTA goal to deflect barriers to trade and investment between US, Canada and Mexico to eliminate tariffs on more than of Mexicos exports to the US. Try to pressure countries to improve envir. Protection mechanism 31. Electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates, after they are in smokestack gas, it gives them a negative charge, they are attracted to a positively charged precipitator wall and fall off the wall into a collector, they maintain and remove 99% of particulate, but use a lot of electricity and do not remove hazardous ultrafine particles and produce a toxic dust that must be accustomed of safely. 32. Alternatives to chlorine in waste water treatment microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ion exchange